Guanidine Hydrochloride: Properties, Applications, and Synthesis Methods
- Chemical Properties
The chemical formula is as follows: The chemical formula for CH5N3·HCl is C₉H₁₄N₃·HCl, with a molecular weight of 95.53 g/mol. It has the following appearance: The compound is a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. Its melting point is 180-185°C (356-365°F).
- Physical Properties
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Melting Point: 182-185 °C
Solubility: Highly soluble in water and alcohol
- Applications
- Polymer Production
Polyamides and polyesters are two distinct classes of polymers that have been the subject of considerable research and development.
ODDA is a monomer that is widely utilized in the synthesis of high-performance polyamides (nylons) and polyesters. The long aliphatic chain of ODDA confers benefits upon the resulting materials, including enhanced flexibility, durability, and resistance to heat and chemicals.
Engineering plastics are a diverse category of polymers that exhibit a range of properties suitable for use in various engineering applications. It is employed in the automotive, electrical, and electronics industries for the fabrication of components that are required to demonstrate robustness and resistance to elevated temperatures.
Fibers: It is employed in the textile industry for the production of fibers that are strong, elastic, and resistant to abrasion. Notable examples include nylon 6,18, which is derived from hexamethylenediamine and ODDA.
Films: Used in the packaging industry for the production of durable and flexible films with excellent barrier properties.
Performance Benefits:
Enhanced Flexibility and Toughness: The long aliphatic chain of ODDA imparts superior mechanical properties.
- Lubricants and Greases
The incorporation of ODDA as an essential additive in the formulation of high-performance lubricants and greases has been demonstrated to enhance the overall performance of the resulting product.
Thermal stability is a property that enables a substance to withstand high temperatures without undergoing significant changes in its chemical composition or physical state. The incorporation of ODDA into lubricant formulations enhances the thermal stability of these products, rendering them suitable for use in high-temperature applications.
Viscosity Index Improvement: It facilitates the maintenance of a stable viscosity across a broad temperature spectrum, thereby ensuring uniform performance.
Lubricity: The addition of ODDA to lubricants enhances their lubricity, thereby reducing friction and wear, which in turn extends the lifespan of mechanical components.
The potential applications of this substance are numerous and diverse.
Automotive Lubricants: The properties of ODDA are beneficial for engine oils, transmission fluids, and gear oils.
Industrial Lubricants: The incorporation of ODDA into hydraulic fluids, compressor oils, and metalworking fluids has been demonstrated to enhance performance.
In the context of grease, the incorporation of ODDA has been observed to impart enhanced durability and efficiency in machinery and equipment, particularly in high-temperature and multi-purpose applications. High-temperature and multi-purpose greases incorporate ODDA to ensure durability and efficiency in machinery and equipment.
- In the field of cosmetics and personal care products, ODDA is esteemed for its emollient characteristics, which facilitate the processes of moisturizing and skin softening.
The process of moisturization: The retention of moisture in the skin is facilitated by ODDA, rendering it an efficacious component in the formulation of creams, lotions, and other dermal products.
Softening: It is employed in hair care products for the purpose of softening and conditioning the hair.
Formulation Stability: The incorporation of ODDA into cosmetic formulations has been demonstrated to enhance the stability and shelf life of such products.
The following products are available:
In the domain of skincare, The product range includes moisturizers, anti-aging creams, and sunscreens, in which ODDA provides hydration and support for the skin barrier.
In the context of haircare, It is present in conditioners, hair masks, and serums, where it improves hair texture and manageability.
Personal Care: The incorporation of this ingredient into lotions, body creams, and bath products is facilitated by its emollient properties.
- Pharmaceuticals
The biocompatibility and biodegradability of ODDA render it an appealing component in pharmaceutical applications, particularly in drug delivery systems.
Formulations with Sustained Release: ODDA is employed in the development of sustained-release pharmaceutical formulations, facilitating the controlled and prolonged release of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Drug Carriers: It functions as a carrier for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), thereby enhancing their stability and bioavailability.
The applications of this material are as follows:
Oral Drug Delivery: Tablets and capsules incorporating ODDA exhibit extended-release properties.
Topical Formulations: These substances are suitable for use in creams and ointments, providing localized treatment while maintaining biocompatibility.
Injectable Formulations: Biodegradable carriers are employed for sustained-release injectables, thereby ensuring prolonged therapeutic effects.
- Corrosion Inhibitors
ODDA is employed as a corrosion inhibitor in a multitude of industrial sectors, safeguarding metal surfaces from oxidative deterioration and extending the operational lifetime of metal components.
Metalworking Fluids: The addition of ODDA to cutting, grinding, and machining fluids serves to safeguard both the tools and the workpieces from corrosion.
Coatings: The incorporation of this compound into paints and coatings serves to prevent the corrosion of metal structures.
The benefits of performance are as follows:
The formation of a protective layer: The addition of ODDA to metal surfaces results in the formation of a protective layer that inhibits the processes of oxidation and corrosion.
The durability of the coating is contingent upon the following factors: It enhances the durability of metal components and structures, thereby reducing maintenance costs.
The potential applications of this technology are numerous and diverse, spanning numerous industries.
In the automotive industry, It is employed in the formulation of protective coatings for vehicle components.
In the construction industry, the product is used in the creation of protective coatings for vehicle components. Such coatings are applied to buildings and infrastructure in order to provide protection against corrosion.
The oil and gas industry employs this material in a variety of ways. The product is employed in the protection of pipelines and drilling equipment from the effects of corrosive environments.
- Synthesis
The synthesis of guanidine hydrochloride can be achieved through a number of different methods, each of which employs a distinct set of starting materials and reaction conditions. The following represents a non-exhaustive list of the most commonly used synthetic routes:
- One of the most common industrial methods involves the reaction of dicyandiamide (cyanoguanidine) with ammonium chloride. This synthesis is carried out in the following manner:
The following section outlines the reaction setup. Dicyandiamide is combined with ammonium chloride in an aqueous solution.
The subsequent step is to subject the mixture to heat. The mixture is heated to a temperature of approximately 180–200°C. The elevated temperature allows for the conversion of dicyandiamide to guanidine hydrochloride to occur.
The isolation of the compound is then carried out. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture is cooled, and the guanidine hydrochloride is isolated by crystallization.
The subsequent stage of the process is purification. The crude product is purified by recrystallization from water or ethanol in order to obtain a pure guanidine hydrochloride.
- Another synthetic route involves the reaction of cyanamide with ammonium chloride.
The following procedure outlines the steps involved in setting up the reaction. Cyanamide is combined with ammonium chloride in an aqueous solution.
The subsequent step is heating. The mixture is heated to a temperature of approximately 100–120°C under reflux conditions.
The isolation of the product is then carried out. Once the reaction has reached completion, the solution is cooled, resulting in the precipitation of guanidine hydrochloride.
The subsequent stage of the process is purification. The precipitate is filtered and recrystallized from water or ethanol in order to obtain a pure guanidine hydrochloride.
- Synthesis from Thiourea and Ammonium Chloride
Guanidine hydrochloride can also be synthesized using thiourea and ammonium chloride.
The reaction setup involves dissolving thiourea and ammonium chloride in water. The solution is then heated to a temperature of approximately 100-150°C under reflux conditions. Following this, the solution is cooled, causing guanidine hydrochloride to crystallize. The crystals are filtered and purified by recrystallization to complete the purification process.
